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Along with the progress of pharmaceutical science in the past century, the theme of pharmacology has gone through pseudo agent scheme, to ligand-receptor model, and then to the theory of targeted therapy today. Due to the success of drug R&D, current drug research keeps its focus mainly on drugs with single target and precise treatment, in which the molecular mechanism is relatively clear but the therapeutic efficacy is often limited. Thus, there is a big space for exploration in the field of pharmacology. In the past 30 years, several novel chemical drugs, originated from traditional Chinese medicine, have been identified and then used in clinic, provoking a strong interest to explore new theory for pharmacology, of which the term of "Biao Ben Jian Zhi" (treating diseases by directing symptoms and root causes) has demonstrated a promising nature. We consider this concept useful for future drug discovery, drug design and clinical therapy. In this review, example drugs such as berberine, metformin and azvudine, are discussed, and "drug Cloud" (dCloud) model is introduced to elaborate the mechanism of treating diseases by directing symptoms and root causes of diseases.
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@#In the study, a quantum resonant cavity model based on wave-particle duality was proposed for the explanation of the dynamic processes of essence, vigor, and spirit in the human body in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is assumed that there is a macro human order parameter (wave function), and its dynamics are governed by a macro potential field reflecting influences from heaven, earth, and society, and satisfy the generalized Schrodinger equation. This proposed model was applied in the study to interpret basic concepts of human body in TCM, with an aim to unfold the TCM development in the future.
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The multi-component pharmacokinetic study of Chinese herbal extracts elaborates the in vivo processes,including absorption,distribution,metabolism,and excretion,of multiple bioactive components,which is of significance in revealing pharmacodynamic material basis of Chinese herbal medicine. In recent years,with the innovation in ideas,and development of techniques and methods on traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) research,the pharmacokinetic studies of Chinese herbal extracts were extensively performed,and notable progress has been made. This paper reviewed the advancement of multi-component pharmacokinetics of Chinese herbal extracts in recent five years from analysis technology of biological sample,the pharmacokinetic characteristics of Chinese herbal medicine with complex system,and the impacts of processing and pathological state on pharmacokinetics of Chinese herbal extracts,aiming to provide a reference for quality control,product development and rational medication of Chinese herbal extracts.
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Humans , China , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Quality ControlABSTRACT
There exits a trend of treatment for coronary heart disease(CHD) in terms of Chinese medicine(CM) in history,from warming Yang and dispelling cold,moving Qi and dissolving phlegm to invigorating blood and dissolving stasis,whose time-space development accords to the theory of complex system.Targeting the contemporary population of CHD,phlegm-blood stasis-stagnation-deficiency theory is proposed to direct clinical application to further improve effectiveness.From the perspective of theory,blood stasis-stagnation is the basic pathogenesis of CHD that runs through the whole period in the advance of CHD,while phlegm has been changing the feature of CM Zheng of CHD population with the development of the society,and nourishing the body according to the type of deficiency might delay the process of growing older,postpone the occur of disease and hinder the advance of disease,which genuinely differs from modern medicine to render the superiority of CM to work out the challenges of CHD.As for the clinical application,the treatment options could consider invigorating blood,dissolving stasis and removing stagnation as the basic method,such as CHD formula 2,Xuefu Zhuyutang,Zhizi Chitang and Danggui Niantongtang could be used in varied period of CHD.Moreover,boosting the body by herbal medicine could regulate the routine of body,then to prevent CHD and fear down the advance of CHD,for instance,Codonopsis Radix,Astragali Radix,Liuwei Dihuang pills,Zuoguiyin and Youguiyin.Furthermore,balmiest herbs could not only dissolve phlegm,unblock the meridian and relieve pain,but also calm the mind and eliminate the anxiety.For example,Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum,Santali Albi Lignum and Moschus could be used handily in the treatment of CHD.
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Based on special scientific facts demonstrated in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) complex system, this paper proposes a hypothesis of "one output multi-source", discussing the concept, features, structures and the scope. The law of interaction between the integrity and multiple components of TCM complex system was examined. Feasibility, technical methods and evidence supporting the hypothesis have been presented here. We present a basic model of the hypothesis, i.e. artificial neural network (ANN) model. This hypothesis promotes a deeper modern scientific understanding towards the TCM complex system and advancement in research of the material basis. TCM compatibility and quality control will serve as the theoretical foundation for guiding the research on drug combination including chemical, biological and herbal medicines.
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BACKGROUND: Resilience engineering is a paradigm for safety management that focuses on coping with complexity to achieve success, even considering several conflicting goals. Modern sociotechnical systems have to be resilient to comply with the variability of everyday activities, the tight-coupled and underspecified nature of work, and the nonlinear interactions among agents. At organizational level, resilience can be described as a combination of four cornerstones: monitoring, responding, learning, and anticipating. METHODS: Starting from these four categories, this article aims at defining a semiquantitative analytic framework to measure organizational resilience in complex sociotechnical systems, combining the resilience analysis gridand the analytic hierarchy process. RESULTS: This article presents an approach for defining resilience abilities of an organization, creating a structured domain-dependent framework to define a resilience profile at different levels of abstraction, and identifying weaknesses and strengths of the systemand potential actions to increase system's adaptive capacity. An illustrative example in an anesthesia department clarifies the outcomes of the approach. CONCLUSION: The outcome of the resilience analysis grid, i.e., a weighed set of probing questions, can be used in different domains, as a support tool in a wider Safety-II oriented managerial action to bring safety management into the core business of the organization.
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Anesthesia Department, Hospital , Commerce , Learning , Safety ManagementABSTRACT
Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is a complex system with multiple chemical compositions. The most significant character of TCM is that the chemical compositions interact with each other by multi-target synergism to treat diseases. Previous reports mainly focused on the investigation of single signaling pathway detection or the phenotypic analysis of proteomics difference; however, no studies have been conducted on the identification of direct targets of TCM. Therefore, it is difficult to analyze the molecular mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine from the target source, and it is difficult to explain its traditional efficacy scientifically, thus seriously affecting its clinical application and internationalization. In this article, we discussed the methodology for the identification of direct TCM targets(groups), and presented the strategy for preparation of TCM chemical composition solid coupling beads, as well as of enrichment and identification strategy of target proteins based on photosensitive coupling technique. We also discussed the advantages and limitations of this strategy, and put forward some new ideas for the future developments. We hope this article can provide some guidance and reference significance for the researchers on TCM pharmacology study, especially on target identification.
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A tese objetiva aprofundar as implicações, para a gestão e qualidade da atenção à saúde, da escolha do método utilizado para o processo de projetação e desenvolvimento de SIS para o SUS.Discute-se a seguinte questão: Dificuldades encontradas na utilização dos Sistemas de Informações em Saúde no SUS podem ser explicadas pela opção do método de desenvolvimento escolhido? Trabalha com a expectativa de que responder a essa questão contribui para o alcance de uma forma de projetar e desenvolver SIS no SUS que reduza suas chances de insucessos.Adota-se o pressuposto de que a abordagem Sociotécnica apresenta potencial para melhorar os Sistemas de Informações existentes no SUS e deva ser utilizado na etapa de projetação e desenvolvimento de novos sistemas de informações em saúde. Apresenta proposta de modelo para essa etapa, consubstanciado em Matriz de Diretrizes, validado através de análise retrospectiva do processo de desenvolvimento do sistema SISREG-II Sistema de Regulação do SUS.Este projeto é uma pesquisa de natureza teórico-exploratória e visa aplicar o enfoque sociotécnico da Engenharia de sistemas para projeto e especificação de um sistema de informações em saúde para o SUS. Há uma ênfase na etapa de identificação de requisitos, isto é, no processo de compreensão e definição dos serviços requisitados do sistema e identificação de restrições relativas à operação e ao desenvolvimento do sistema.Neste projeto a potencialidade da abordagem Sociotécnica é verificada pelo exame da documentação dos sistemas escolhidos.O eixo central de análise é composto pela caracterização dos sistemas sociotécnicos e pelas alternativas de caminho encontradas nos estudos da abordagem sociotécnica da engenharia de sistemas...
The thesis aims to deepen the implications for the management and quality of health care, the choice of method used for the process of projecting and development of SIS for the NHS. It discusses the following question: Difficulties encountered in the use of Information Systems in Health SUS can be explained by the method chosen development option? Works with the expectation that answer this question contributes to the achievement of a way of designing and developing SIS in SUS that reduces your chances of failure.We adopt the assumption that sociotechnics approach has the potential to improve existing information systems in the NHS and should be used in of projecting and development of new information systems in health step. Presents proposed model for this step, embodied in Matrix Guidelines, validated through retrospective analysis of the development process SISREG-II system - Regulation System of SUS...
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Humans , Health Care Coordination and Monitoring , Health Communication , Health Information Systems , Information Technology , Software , Unified Health SystemABSTRACT
China’s relationship with Africa has gained worldwide attention, with substantial scale and wide range of investment and development assistance over the past decades. We argue in this paper that China-Africa health collaboration has four main characteristics:China has a vague definition of the Development Fund for Health;there is no single development agency within Chinese government; the Chinese government is very responsive to re-quests from local government and most of the health programs are co-developed by the two governments;and China's private investment in Africa merges into the field of public development and plays an important role. Thus, China-Af-rica health collaboration has two major problems:resource mismatch and restricted impact. The case of Congo shows that in order to increase the effectiveness of China-Africa health collaboration and to make better use of the advantages of a complex system, decision-makers need to consider the bottom-up innovation and integration with local systems when making policies. They also need to avoid a scattered structure and inefficiency brought about by a complex sys-tem in order to ensure balanced consensus-building mechanisms among all stakeholders in China-Africa health collab-oration.
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Monographs of Chinese medicine into the United States Pharmacopeia and the European Pharmacopoeia is the prerequisite and foundation for the aim of Chinese medicine standards leading the international standard-set-ting. By comparative analysis of the key issues of quality standards among Chinese, American and European Phar-macopoeia, thoughts and suggestions are proposed on how to implement the construction of international quality stan-dard of traditional Chinese medicine. Meanwhile, under the pressure of the present international environment, the pa-per can also provide some reference and advices which can help to break down the difficult situation for the process of internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) contains a big array of chemical constituents. These constituents un-dergo various metabolic reactions to produce complex in v iv o metabolites. Identification and distribution of these metabolites are important to reveal the effective constituents from a complex formulation. Recently, developments had been made to elucidate the complex metabolic process. In this review, we summarized the methods and strategies developed for TCM metabolism. Application of these metabolic results has also been discussed.
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Chinese herbal nature combination (CHNC) is the particular combination of nature, taste and channel tropism, which can be used to express the effect of Chinese herbal medicine in the clinical application concisely. The complex system model for the relationship between CHNC and viscera was constructed in this paper based on the thinking model of viscera theory. The model is able to reveal the functional features of CHNC. The model will promote research on the relationship between CHNC and viscera and provide new ideas for clinical applications of CHNC.
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Os princípios e as diretrizes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) impõem uma estrutura de assistência baseada em redes de políticas públicas que, combinada ao modelo de financiamento adotado, conduz a falhas de mercado. Isso impõe barreiras à gestão do sistema público de saúde e à concretização dos objetivos do SUS. As características institucionais e a heterogeneidade dos atores, aliadas à existência de diferentes redes de atenção à saúde, geram complexidade analítica no estudo da dinâmica global da rede do SUS. Há limitações ao emprego de métodos quantitativos baseados em análise estática com dados retrospectivos do sistema público de saúde. Assim, propõe-se a abordagem do SUS como sistema complexo, a partir da utilização de metodologia quantitativa inovadora baseada em simulação computacional. O presente artigo buscou analisar desafios e potencialidades na utilização de modelagem com autômatos celulares combinada com modelagem baseada em agentes para simulação da evolução da rede de serviços do SUS. Tal abordagem deve permitir melhor compreensão da organização, heterogeneidade e dinâmica estrutural da rede de serviços do SUS e possibilitar minimização dos efeitos das falhas de mercado no sistema de saúde brasileiro.
The principles and guidelines of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) impose a healthcare service structure based on public policy networks which, combined with the financing model adopted, leads to market failings. This imposes barriers to the management of the public health system and the enactment of SUS objectives. The institutional characteristics and the heterogeneity of players, allied to the existence of different healthcare approaches, generate analytical complexity in the study of the global dynamics of the SUS network. There are limitations in the use of quantitative methods based on static analysis of retrospective SUS data. Thus, an approach taking SUS as a complex system using innovative quantitative methodology based on computational simulation is proposed. This paper sought to analyze challenges and possibilities of the combined application of cellular automata modeling and agent-based modeling for simulation of the evolution of the SUS healthcare service network. This approach should permit better understanding of the organization, heterogeneity and structural dynamics of the SUS service network and a minimization of the effects of market failings on the Brazilian health system.
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Humans , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Marketing of Health Services , Public Policy , BrazilABSTRACT
Seeing that the complex giant system solving process of traditional Chinese medicine in mathematics is not descriptive and drawing on the advanced concepts of modern computer chemistry and materials science, Compound Danshen prescription consisting of both water-and fat-soluble substances was selected as a drug model to collect the physicochemical characteristic parameters of the effective part of material system (the chemical composition of the entropy, enthalpy, surface energy, and electricity, etc.), complex process-related characteristic parameters (operating temperature, stirring speed, and coating time, etc.), compound performance characteristic parameters of the product particle (micro-structural parameters and properties of biological agents), and other data, so as to establish a small database for the design and preparation of composite particles technology, study the regularity of "Chinese particle composite technology" by cross applying the knowledge of Chinese materia medica (CMM), computer chemistry, physicochemistry, explore the micro/nano-scale orderly combination mechanisms of CMM composite particles, try to control the microstructure and properties of multiple components by using modern physicochemical means, and provide a new research model for the achievement of "characterization parameter detection-process parameters screening-target product optimization" in CMM compounds research.
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Para contribuir al propósito de mejorar la integralidad y eficacia de las políticas y programas de control, la presente reflexión intenta responder la siguiente pregunta ¿Cómo aproximarse a la comprensión de las zoonosis en Colombia desde enfoques de complejidad? El ensayo está conformado por tres partes principales. En la primera se examinan las zoonosis como problema complejo y la reiterada tendencia de las políticas y programas de control de afrontarlas como un problema simple, con respuestas de origen unidisciplinario y reduccionistas. En la segunda parte se sintetiza el estatus actual de la complejidad como paradigma y las ventajas que tendría la utilización del mismo en el análisis, la formulación de políticas y de intervenciones. En la tercera parte se plantean los posibles campos de trabajo que sería necesario desarrollar para abordar las zoonosis en Colombia desde las ciencias de la complejidad.
The present reflection was aimed at making a contribution towards improving control policy and programs integrality and efficacy in an attempt to answer the following question, “How can understanding zoonoses in Colombia be approached from a complexity-based approach?” The first part of this article examines zoonoses as a complex problem and the reiterated tendency of control policy and programs to deal with them as a simple problem, involving unidisciplinary and reductionist responses. The current status of complexity is synthesized as a paradigm, as are the advantages of using it in analysis and formulating policy and interventions. Possible fields of work are proposed for development when approaching zoonoses in Colombia from a complexity science viewpoint.
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Animals , Humans , Health Policy , Systems Theory , Zoonoses/prevention & control , Colombia , Interdisciplinary Communication , Models, TheoreticalABSTRACT
En el trabajo se realiza una breve reseña histórica del estudio de los desastres, como fenómenos objeto de estudio, resaltando lo sucedido en el continente latinoamericano. Se deja ver como la percepción del tema en nuestro continente está permeada por los problemas sociales que están vinculados con la ocurrencia de sucesos, mientras que el tratamiento en países industrializados se inclina hacia el estudio del suceso natural desde las ciencias naturales. En el trabajo se introducen conceptos utilizados en el lenguaje de los Sistemas Complejos, así como se plantea la necesidad de tratar transdisciplinariamente la investigación en el tema de desastres y de su introducción al currículo de las carreras biomédicas, utilizando como base epistemológica el pensamiento complejo.
In this paper it’s fulfill a short historical review about the disaster studies theme, emphasizing what happens in Latin-American continent. We show how the theme perception in our countries is conditioned by the social problems, which are in narrow relation with occurring events, while the treatment about disasters in industrialized countries pass through the study of natural phenomenon from basic sciences. In this work we introduced some concepts used in the complex systems language and we talk about the necessity of the transdisciplinary treatment of disasters research and it introduction in curriculum of biomedicine career, using the epistemological foundations of complex thinking.
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Functions of the human body in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are described in terms of Yin-Yang and the five elements. These ideas tend to be ignored in current research on TCM, since they are based on ancient Chinese philosophies which are considered incompatible with modern science. However, they may provide us with some new insights into human health and disease. In this paper, I will compare the characteristic view of human beings in TCM with that of western medicine.The view of brain function is a distinctive characteristic of TCM. In TCM, the functions of the brain are dispersed to five zang organs, including heart and liver, and are maintained by comprehensive functional interactions among the five zang organs. Therefore, in contrast to modern western medicine, brain diseases are regarded as systematic diseases in TCM, and their treatments are aimed to normalize not only the activity of the organs, but also the balance of functional interaction. Another characteristic of TCM is that much importance is attached to the interaction between human beings and the environment. This is in contrast to modern western medicine, which tends to regards human beings as independent of their environment. These features of TCM derive from its theoretical basis in Yin-Yang and the five elements. The whole idea of Yin-Yang theory is expressed by the Tai-Chi symbol (figure). The black and white areas in Tai-Chi symbol means that the whole world, including human beings, consists by two opposing components, namely, Yin (black area) and Yang (white area). Importantly, each component exists within the other component; the white and black areas contain small back and white circles, respectively. The world is considered to be infinitely divided into Yin and Yang, and each part has a similar structure to the Tai-Chi symbol. The world, including the human body, in Yin-Yang theory, therefore, has fractal geometry. In addition, interestingly, the functional interaction between the five zang organs in TCM resembles a biological model based on chaos theory.In conclusion, TCM had co-opted the basic idea of a complex system for the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases thousands years ago. Research into TCM should not only evaluate the effects of herbal medicine or acupuncture, but should take into consideration the view of human beings in TCM. Such studies may help us to understand disease in terms of the relationship between humans and the environment.
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Humans , Medicine , Yin-Yang , EnvironmentABSTRACT
With the development of immunoassay and sensing technologies and the solid waste compost technologies being paid more and more attention,the method of immunosensor can’t be interfered by some interference factors of the commonly used analytical methods,it is of great significance to apply the immunosensor technologies in monitoring,and real-time,online measurement during compost process. The working mechanism and classification of immunosensor are briefly introduced,and the components of the complex compost system are divided into solid phase,liquid phase and gas phase. The development and application of immunosensor in compost is introduced. The latest progress in immunosensor for determination of trace toxicants is reviewed. The application of immunosensor in environmental monitoring and its future development are also discussed.
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Based on chaos theory,chaological connotations of pulse tracings and sphygmology were expounded and explained.Main contents included embodiments of four characteristics(inner randomness,sensitivity to initial value,chaos order and unpredictability of long-term behavior)of chaos in pulse tracings and sphygmology.
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Objective To improve the organization and management of the hospital,optimize the medical processes,improve medical quality and reduce medical costs.Methods A method of using multi-agent technology to hospital complex system modeling and simulation was introduced.The theory of complex system and its modeling method were simply introduced and the complex system characteristic and the medical processes of hospital were analyzed.Results The technology and fundation of multi-agent modeling were summarized.The steps of modeling and simulation for complex system of hospital were presented.The swarm simulation platform and the detail design of agent model in hospital were also presented.Conclusion It is proposed that the simulation research of hospital should use the methodology of multi-agent-based modeling and simulation,which is the research method of complex system.